Friday, June 29, 2018

To Ki or Not to Ki By Scott Shaw

Here is a first draft for one of my early, previously published articles on Ki. Hopefully you can find the information useful.

By Scott Shaw

     Since the Asian martial arts began to be integrated into western society, the concept of Ki has been one of the most hotly debated topics. Does it exist?  Will it give an individual superhuman power?  Or, is its just a bunch of hocus-pocus? 

     This ongoing debate over Ki has left many western martial art practitioners in a continued state of question. This lack of definition is enhance by the fact that Ki and it usage is oftentimes referenced by Asian born instructors. Yet, many of these instructors never discuss how an individual can come to consciously interact with this ancient understanding.

     Certainly, Asian martial art films have fueled the fire by detailing that the practitioner who knows how to tap into Ki possess unmatched power and the ability to overcome even the largest opponent. But, perhaps that is the sourcepoint where the true understanding of Ki has truly been lost. Ki is not just a metaphysical protein shake that provides you with added adrenaline to allow you kick the butt of somebody you don’t like. Ki is an energy which is much more subtle than that. But, its mastery is a complex and complicated subject that takes focused understanding to comprehend. In this article some of the understanding of Ki, what it actually means, how it is actually developed, and how it can be used will be discussed. 

Ki in the Korean Martial Arts
     Martial artists continually hear about the mystical power of Ki energy and how people who have mastered this science possess superhuman strength and can debilitate an opponent with a single touch. Though Ki is continually spoken of -- in most Korean martial arts dojangs the ancient techniques designed to harness this amazing energy are completely absent. There are, however, other systems of self-defense, such as Aikido, which teach their students the components of Ki understanding from the beginning stages of their training.

     It can certainly be understood that a novice student must master the physical elements of their body before they can hope to move forward into successfully incorporating the much more subtler aspects of internal energy. Yet, even among the Korean systems of self-defense that, by their very name, supposedly embrace this knowledge, very few instructors teach their students the methods of harnessing Ki.

     As the ever-evolving worldwide martial art culture has continued to move forward with exchange and integration of varying systems of self-defense, it is important that students of even hard style martial arts come to embrace the understanding of Ki.  From this, they make themselves not only more complete martial artists, but more well rounded human beings, as well.


The Foundations for Ki
The understanding of Ki was first documented over two thousand years ago in Chinese during the Warring State Period. A text written entitled, Huang Ti Nei Ching Su Wen, described Ki as the Universal Energy that nourishes and sustains all life. It flows through the universe and thus, through each individual. An abundant, non restricted, flow of Ki in the body allows one to remain healthy; while a diminished or impeded flow of Ki in the body lead one tgo illness. From China this knowledge was passed onto the Korean Peninsula is approximately 200 B.C.E.

The reason Ki is helpful to one’s self defense is two fold; first of all, the Ki practitioner understands how Ki energy flows endlessly throughout the universe and will enter the willing, unhindered body in unlimited supply.  From this, the martial artists become a conscious participant of this unyielding strength and energy.  Secondarily, the advanced martial artist understands how Ki progresses along the meridian pathways of the human body.  From this knowledge, the Ki practitioner possesses the ability to strike an attacking opponent in vital Pressure Points,  (Kup Sul in Korean) and disrupt the flow of Ki energy in his body.

Physical Strength verses Ki
     Physical strength is not a universal strength.  Thus, it should be unnecessarily feared. Physical strength, such as heightened muscle development, is a process of body enhancement that is easily achieved by prescribed physically orientated weight lifting exercises.  This type of strength development is, however, quickly lost when the exercises are discontinued. Muscle development is, therefore, a temporal form of strength.  The individual who develops internal strength through the use of Ki, on the other hand, never loses his understanding of how to effectively access Ki. Thus, this form of internal strength and energy is always available to him.
    
Understanding Ki Energy in the Human Body
     Ki flows through the human body along invisible circulation channels known as Meridians. There are a total of twelve Primary or Constant Meridians in the human bodyC. Two other Meridians pathways exist, known as secondary Meridians.

Pressure Points
     Kup Shul, Pressure Points are precise access sites along a Meridian. These Kyusho when properly stimulated by Acupuncture or Acupressure enhances the flow of Ki along a specified Meridian.  Thus, exacting pressure to Kyusho aid the body in recovering from Ki blockage or Ki deficiency.   

     Ki stimulation of a specific meridian is commonly understood to aid in adding Ki flow to a specific meridian of the body; additionally, if these Kyusho are impacted with a precise and specific offensive strike they can also hamper the flow of Ki in an individual.  This is where the martial artist begins to utilize Ki in the realms of self-defense.

The Basis of Ki Self Defense
     For the martial artists to effective utilize Ki at will, he must be able to readily access this universal energy. To achieve this possess an astute mental focus, developed through meditation (munyum) and an expanded understanding of how Ki interact with the human form.  

     Ki Gong, (Ki skill) is the first step in obtaining the ability to consciously focalize your Ki energy for external use.  Ki Gong is initially accomplished by concentration on your Center Point. The Center Point is generally referenced, in the martial art world, by the Japanese term, Hara.

The Center Point
     The Tanden, (Burning Place of Energy), is the center of balance of the human body. It is additionally the bodily location where Ki energy congregates.

     The Tanden is located approximately four inches below the navel and extended two inches in each direction from this central point. This bodily location is the source point of all usable Ki in the human form and is, therefore, a highly revered bodily location. 

     The martial arts practitioner who desires to utilize Ki energy efficiently must first define this location.  This can be readily accomplished by performing the Center Point Defining Exercise and the Opening and Closing Exercise.

Center Point Defining Exercise
     Stand with your legs separated, approximately even with your shoulders. Allow your knees to be slightly bent.  Your feet should be pointing forward, in a natural pattern.  Bend your elbows slightly. Extend the fingers of your hand naturally straight. Do not tighten the muscles of your hand, but allow your fingers to be semi relaxed and naturally separated. Bring your two hands in front of your Center Point Separate your thumbs from your forefingers; allow them to form an inverted triangle with approximately one inch of separation between both of your thumbs and forefingers.

     Once you have achieved this stance, close your eyes and breathe slowly, yet deeply. Allow your breaths to go deep into your abdomen. Once you achieve a relative state of calm, after approximately ten natural breaths, begin to visualize the location of your Center Point.  

     Now, pivot your wrists, until your open palms face upward. Bring your fingers together and allow then to point towards one another. Breathe deeply in through your nose, as you visualize your breath entering your body in a golden flow through your nose and finding its way to Center Point. As you perform this exercise, bring your hands slowly up your body, accompanying your breath, until they reach your chest level.   

     Once you have taken in a full breath, hold it in naturally for a moment. Embrace its golden essence and power as it congregates in your Center Point.  Now, release it; pivot your palms over to a downward facing positioning and allow the golden breath to naturally leave your body.  See it flow from your Center Point in a golden flow and exit through your nose. Witness this as your hands travel downwards to their beginning positioning.

     From this exercise, the exact individual location of your Center Point will clearly come into focus and you will develop the ability to easily direct Ki throughout your body, from it. You should perform this Center Point breathing technique at least ten times, any time you need to refocus your body, mind, or Ki energy.

The Opening and Closing Exercise
     The Cosmic Mudra of Opening and Closing Exercise not only focuses the mind on the location of the Hara but additionally is a movement meditation as it focuses the movements of the body with the human breath, thus forming a conscious link to the meditative mind.

     To perform this exercise, stand with your legs separated, approximately even with your shoulders.  Allow your knees to be slightly bent. Your feet should be pointing forward, in a natural pattern. Bend your elbows slightly, allowing your arms to fall naturaly at your side.  Extend the fingers of your hands naturally straight. Do not tighten the muscles of your hand, but allow your fingers to be semi relaxed and naturally separated. 

     Close your eyes and begin to observe your breath as it enters your body naturally. Observe the in-flow and the exhale of your breath for a few moments. When you feel comfortable in your standing positioning and your mind has become calmed, begin to visualize Ki entering your body through your breath in a golden flow. Witness it entering through your nose and progressing to your Hara.  With each in-breath, see the golden flow of Ki enter your body, filling your Hara with Ki energy. With each out-breath witness the expelled Ki engulfing your surroundings in a golden flow of Ki energy.

     Now, bring your hands up into prayer positioning in front of your face. Observe three complete breath cycles of golden Ki energy entering your body. As your exhale your third breath, bring your hands above your head, allowing your thumbs and your first fingers to touch; your other fingers are extended naturally.  With your next golden Ki filled in-breath, mentally say the Mantra, “Om,” as you circularly bring your hands down, uniting your thumbs and first fingers again in front of your Hara.  With the out-breath send your hands above your head again. With each new in-breath, repeat Om, as your hands travel in front of your Hara. With each out-breath direct your hands above your head.

     This exercise should be performed approximately ten times a day as a method to define the location of your Hara and to link your body and mind with cosmic infinite energy.   Once your Hara is clearly located, this exercise can then be performed as a movement meditation to consciously link your body and mind with the universal Ki force entering your body and congregating in your Hara. 

The Four-Phase Ki Breath Exercise
     Once your Hara is clearly defined, you can take Ki Kokyu ho, (Breath Control Practice), to the next level in order to consciously link the intake of Ki to your breath.   Begin by being seated in Seiza, Kneeling Posture. Focus your mind by watching your natural breathing patterns for a few moments.

     You will now begin the technique known as the Four Phase Breath Control Exercise. The Four Phase Breath Control Exercise is accomplished by first, inhaling deeply in a continuous flow through your nose. Allow the intake of your breath to be silent. Never force the intake of breath; this only causes resistance from the body. As in the previous Aum no Kokyu Exercise, visualize Ki entering your body in the form of golden light, with each in-breath.  Allow the breath to fill your lungs. Witness the Ki breath reaching to your Hara and illuminating this region.

     Once your intake of air has been naturally completed, allow this Ki breath to remain in your body. Do not exhale it immediately. Instead, witness the Ki, in the form of golden light, emanating from your Hara and engulfing your being.

     When you feel it is time to exhale, do not allow the Ki breath to leave your body in a broken flow. This disrupts the natural pattern of Ki. Guide your breath to exit in a natural consciously continuous motion.

     As your breath exits your body, visualize any impurities your body may possess leaving you with the exhalation.  All which remains, is pure golden Ki light.

     Once you have completely exhaled, do not attempt to immediately refill your lungs. This may take a bit of practice, for many people panic from the initial feeling of oxygen emptiness. Instead of immediately breathing, feel how light your body has become from the absence of air.  Observe the emptiness and the purity it possesses.  When it becomes necessary to breath, do so. Allow the consciousness of Ki, to again enter your body.  

     The Four Phase Breath Exercise can be used, simply as described, to enhance Ki visualization and circulation in your body. When you first begin to use this Ki breath control method, allow each phase to last approximately five seconds, or whatever amount of time feels natural to your body. At the outset, do not attempt to hold any phase longer than you feel comfortable with, as this can cause you to disrupt the natural flow of Ki in and out of your body and may even cause you to pass out. As you continue with your further development of Ki energy, however, you will find, due to the increased amount of Ki energy circulating throughout your body, the time period of each phase of this breath control will naturally increase until each phase may last as long as one minute.

     Ki orientated Kokyu ho, (Breath Techniques), such as the previously described, Aum no Kokyu and the Four Phase Breath Exercise instructs the subconscious levels of your mind that Ki enters your body through breath.  Thus, through breathing in a prescribed manner access to Ki is unlimited. From this understanding, the martial artist brings his body and mind to a new level of cohesive interrelationship with universal Ki energy.

The Center Point and Ki Self Defense
     Once the location of the individual’s Hara is firmly delineated, all Ki orientated strikes and self defense applications are accomplished by initially focusing on this Center Point. The Korean word, “Ki Hap,” means the meeting together of energy. These terms defines the yell that is associated with the unleashing of all martial art techniques. This expression signals the fact that the practitioner is pulling Ki up from this Hara and then releasing it as any offensive or defensive technique he is unleashing.

Extending your Ki in Self Defense
     The first level of Ki self-defense that must be mastered is how to effectively extend your Ki. By extending your Ki, in a directed fashion, you will add enormous power to any self-defense technique you employ.


Ki Breath Movement Exercise
     Assume a natural standing positioning, breath naturally for a few moments, meditatively observing your breath. Now, perform the Four Phase Breath Control Exercise for a repetition of five full Four Phase Breaths. With your new in-breath, pivot your palms upwards at your waist level. As your new breath comes in, visualize Ki entering your body and traveling to your Hara. As your Ki breath come in, bring your palms upwards until they are at your head level. With the completion of your in-breath, hold them in position for five seconds. Visualize Ki emanating from your Hara and traveling up your body, through your arms to your hands. Now, as you exhale, pivot your body directly behind yourself, invert your palms so they are facing downwards, and slowly lower them to the ground in association with your breath. As you do so, witness the golden Ki energy emanating from your palms.

     This Ki orientated Breath Control in association with movement will initially train your body how Ki can enter and exit your body in association with movement.

Boulder Push Exercise 
     Begin in a standing position, with your hands loosely at your side. Focus your attention and begin to breath very consciously, watching your breath extend downwards from your nose into your Center Point in a golden flow. Once you feel calm and possess a good sense of your Hara, take a new breath through your nose, and move your left leg forward, as if you were about to take a step. Remember to maintain conscious focus on your breath as it enters your nose in a golden flow, proceeding to your Hara. This breath enters as your step is taken. As you step, bend both of your elbows slightly and turn your wrists until your open palms are facing upward, at approximately your waist level. 

     Once your intake of breath is complete, allow the golden breath to remain locked in your Hara.  Feel the Ki energy radiate, as you bring your upward facing palms, along the side of your body, to your chest level. Once at chest level, allow your open palms to turn outward and face in front of you. 

     As you exhale your golden Ki breath, tighten all of the muscles of your shoulders, back, arms, and hands.   Powerfully push forward with your open palms, visualizing the golden Ki energy exiting your palms into a large boulder in front of you.  The boulder moves with the power of your push. As your arms extend, allow your left arm to remain slightly in front, your right arm slightly behind; pushing forward.

     Once your breath is completely exhaled, observe the emptiness for a moment, as your arms remain extended.  Feeling the Ki radiating from them. 

     When it becomes time to take a new breath; breath in, a golden Ki breath and gracefully returning to your original standing position with your hands loosely to your side.  When the breath is complete, feel how full of Ki your arms and hands have become. Allow the breath to naturally exit, feeling the Ki remaining.

     As is it becomes time to take your next breath, step forward with your right leg this time, and perform the same exercise on your right side.

     The Boulder Push Exercise is ideal for focalizing Ki into your arms, shoulders, and hands, when you are anticipating the need to perform strenuous physical movements with them. This is due to the fact, this exercise stimulates the meridians of these limbs, thus providing additional Ki power to them.

     As you practice these two extension exercises, witness how first your upper arm, then your lower arm, and finally your hand and fingers begin to feel more and more strength with each out breath; which travels from your Hara out to your fingers. Experience the strength your hand feels as Ki energy permeates from your fingers.

     Once you begin to feel the power and energy that you have consciously directed from your hand, with these two Ki extension exercises, you can begin to focus and then extend this same Ki energy from any part of your body. Simply focus your mind, concentrate on your Hara and breath your Ki energy to extend from any location of your body you desire.

Extending Ki through the Straight Punch
     As all martial artists understand, at times of self-defense, it may be necessary to aggressively strike out at an attacking opponent. To simply allow the wild emotion of the moment and the force of adrenalin, to guide your defense, you cannot consciously take control of the altercation. For this reason, Spiritual Warrior learns to consciously extend Ki while striking out in times of battle.

     The first form of a forward offensive strike, which most novice martial artists are taught, is how to deliver the Straight Punch. The Straight Punch is a refined punching technique. This is because it follows a very linear path to its target. From this, it is not only a very rapid striking technique, but successfully blocking this style of punch becomes much more complicated, as well.

     The basic Straight Punch is launched from the Front Stance. A Front Stance is accomplished by extending your right leg forward, a couple of feet in front of your rear, (left), leg. Your forward knee is bent and your rear leg remains substantially straight. Your forward foot faces straight ahead and your rear foot is placed at a forty-five degree angle. Once you have achieved this positioning, find a natural balance with approximately seventy percent of your weight on your forward leg and thirty percent on your rear leg.

     Once in the Front Stance, form your hands into fists.  Extend your left hand slightly in front of your body, with your fist parallel to the ground. Place your right hand at waist level, with your fist inverted upwards. 

     As you begin the Straight Punch, slowly extend your right fist forward, directly in front of you. As its name implies, the Straight Punch travels, “Straight ahead,” to its target, which, in this case, is at your solar plexus level, central to your body. 

     As you are performing this forward punch, at the same time, bring your left hand back to your hip level. As your fists travel, they pivot at wrist level; so your retreating fist ultimately rests in an inverted position, as your punching fist finishes its movement parallel to the ground.

     It is important not to practice the Ki orientated Straight Punch fast, as if you were in an actual confrontation. In fact, it is better to perform it slowly in the beginning, as this gives you the ability to consciously witness the entire movement of your punch: how it is extended, how your muscles react, and how you best stay balanced while performing it. From this, you will become much more consciously aware of how your body actually feels as the Straight Punching motion is taking place.

     To take the Straight Punch to the level of a Ki technique, it must be performed in conscious association with your breath. Therefore, settle into the Front Stance and take a few deep breaths, watching the golden Ki breath enter your nose and proceeding to your Hara. Once you are focused, begin the punching technique. As you do so, exhale the golden Ki energy which you have stored in your Hara through your nose, visualize this Ki energy extending from your Hara, up you body and along your arm. As your punch reaches its climax, see the golden Ki energy forcefully extending from your fist into an imaginary target in front of you.

     This type of Ki extension practice is not limited to the Straight Punch. According to your own martial art abilities, you can associate it with any punching, kicking, or grappling technique desired. The ultimate goal of this type of Ki extension training, is to allow you to become very cognitive of the fact that Ki can emanate from your body in any location you desire it. In the case of self-defense, you can, therefore, focus and utilize your Ki; consciously directing it to an exact location on your opponent’s body.

Strike Intercepts Ki 
     There are numerous locations on the human body that will directly access Ki meridian pathways. These Kyusho, Pressure Points can be employed to interrupt the flow of Ki in an attacking opponent. By striking precisely to a Kyusho, you can effectively stop the Ki flow along the specific Meridian pathway you are impacting. Thereby, Ki to the element of the body that specific Meridian effects are halted and your opponent will be hindered in his offensive abilities.

     Striking to a Pressure Point does not necessarily immediately knock a person out or cause a body part to become instantly numb, as has been propagated by many martial art charlatans. What this type of self-defense does achieve, however, is the interruption of the overall Ki force in an attacker. This type of self-defense may be understood by the analogy of a body part that has fallen asleep, when proper circulation has been cut off from it.

     When applying forced pressure to specific Pressure Point, your goal is not to magically render your opponent lifeless. What you are planning to achieve, however, is both short term and long-term interruption of your attacker’s Ki energy. 

     In the advanced martial arts, a focused Pressure Point strike is initially accomplished by focusing your energy in your Hara, then, as your strike travels towards its final Pressure Point impact point, you expel your focused Ki, with a Ki Ai, and strike your opponent to one of these precise locations. From this, his Ki will be interrupted and you can continue on with additional self-defense as necessary.

Pressure Point Strike Locations
     The Pressure Point which are ideally accessed by a single strike are: the top of the skull, the central forehead, behind the ear, the back of the jaw bone, the central chest, the ribs, and the top of the hand.

1. Top of the skull. This is a Pressure Point of the Gall Bladder, Liver, Bladder, and Governing Vessel Meridians. Striking it disorientates the opponent by interrupting Ki circulation to the brain. 

2. Central forehead. This is a Pressure Point of the Gall Bladder, Bladder, Triple Warmer, and Governing Vessel Meridians. By striking it, you will substantially disorientate your opponent.  This disorientation will last for several minutes, in which time you can leave the scene of the attack or continue with additional self-defense as necessary.

3. Behind the Ear. If you place your finger and feel behind the back of your ear, you will notice a slight protrusion of the bone.  This is a Pressure Point for the Gall Bladder and Triple Warmer Meridians. This Pressure Point additionally affects the functioning of the inner ear.  As the inner ear directly affects balance, striking this location will cause your opponent to lose his balance and become disorientated. 

4. Jaw Bone. The Pressure Point to access on the Jaw Bone is located at the point where the jaw arches; exactly at the point where the jawbone curves and extends out towards your chin.  This Pressure Point also affects the function of the inner ear, and thus, the balance of the opponent.  It is additionally a Pressure Point for the Stomach, the Small Intestine, and the Triple Warmer Meridians. Striking it disorientates your adversary and affects his balance. 

5. Central, upper, chest This Pressure Point is located on the Sternum. (The long flat chest bone, proceeding vertical, joining the ribs). Its exact location is approximately one inch above the solar plexus.  It is a Pressure Point of the Kidney and Conceptual Meridians.  Due to its clos­e proximity to the heart and the lungs, striking it sets the opponent’s breathing off balance.  This sporadic breathing will remain constant for approximately two minutes, or longer, depending on the power of the strike.

6. Ribs. Take the tips of your fingers and follow your ribs from the central portion of your body to the side, while applying slight pressure. You will immediately feel a Pressure Point when you come to the lower side of your ribs. This is the Pressure Point you desire to locate when in combat. This is a Pressure Point of the Gall Bladder, Liver, Stomach, and the Spleen meridians. All of these meridians, in one form or another, affect the flow of blood throughout the human body. By striking to this location, the blood flow of the individual is substantially interrupted.

7. Top of the Hand. Located at the exact center of the top of the hand, in between the hand bones leading to the middle and third fingers. This is a Pressure Point of the Triple Warmer Meridian. By striking it, your adversary’s hand is numbed and its proper function is disrupted.


     It is important to keep in mind when you strike to these Pressure Points you are not attempting to simply win the battle in a one strike victory, as a force orientated martial artist may hope to do by striking to the knee joint or the temples of an opponent. To strike to any of these precise locations, disrupts the Ki flow of the attacker and inflicts momentary pain. 

     When a Spiritual Warrior uses Ki interruption techniques, in the midst of self-defense, he does not posses the time to exactly locate a specific Pressure Point.  The extended time frame such as an accupressurist would have when applying healing touch therapy. Equally, he does not generally have the time to hold a pressure point for more than a few seconds.  It is for this reason, that a martial artist must not only possess an exact understanding of Meridian Pressure Points, to make Ki self defense effective, but also must possess the ability to strike or apply debilitating pressure to them rapidly and precisely.

     As the Spiritual Warrior never enters into battle with the thoughts of annihilating the opponent, these strikes serve as a warning to the adversary of what is to come if he continues his attack.  If the attack does continue, by striking these preliminary strike points, you have disrupted the opponent’s Ki flow to the point where overtaking him in physical combat will be no problem.

Non-Forceful Ki Interruption
     The Ki of an attacker is not only interrupted by forceful striking techniques. In fact, the more advanced martial artist will not focus his defense on offensive techniques, at all. Instead, he will choose to interrupt the Ki of his opponent by far less obvious methods. In many cases, this may be achieved by applying direct pressure to one or more of the opponent’s Pressure Point with a holding or a grabbing technique.

     The first Pressure Point easily accessible in this fashion is found on the inside of the central elbow region. To locate this Pressure Point take your thumb, reach across your body, and apply pressure to the inside of your elbow.   After a moment or two, of pressure, you will begin to feel a strange sensation in your lower arm.  What you have done, is inhibited the flow of Ki along the Lung, Heart, and Heart Constrictor Meridian. By maintaining pressure to this Pressure Point, your arm will begin to feel numb. Over longer periods of pressure, your actual breathing process will become interrupted.

     This Pressure Point is an ideal Pressure Point to locate on an attacker who has grabbed a hold of you.  Of course, this type of Ki self defense is not as instant and dynamic as a powerful striking technique; (which can also be unleashed at this location in the form of a Knuckle Strike).  But, as each self-defense situation is defined by its own limitations, simply by applying focused dynamic Ki pressure to this Pressure Point may be the exact type of defense that is called upon.

     The next self-defense Pressure Point is one located at the forward base of the neck. Take your middle finger; follow the front of your neck downwards until it meets your Clavicle or Collar Bone. Just before this bone ends, at the central region of your neck, apply pressure downwards, as if you were pushing inside, behind this bone.   (Note: this Pressure Point is equally located on both side of the forward neck).  Hold pressure to this Pressure Point for a few moments and your breath will begin to be interrupted.   Held over longer periods of time, the breath is substantially disrupted.

     The third and final of these locations is the Jaw Bone Pressure Point, located where the jawbone curves. This Pressure Point is very close to the one that was discussed in the previous section. Take your fingers and follow your jawbone down from your ear to the point where it arches out to your chin. Now, apply pressure and push in behind the bone. You will immediately feel the Pressure Point 

     This Pressure Point is ideal to apply pressure to when you desire to quietly, yet forcefully shove an attacker away.  As this Pressure Point affects the inner ear, long-term pressure to it, will cause an attacker’s balance to be disrupted.

As you now understand, Ki is a human body energy understanding that takes time, focus, and technique to develop. Though Ki can be randomly accessed by the untrained individual, to put Ki to conscious use takes dedicated focus instigated by the practitioners who hopes to master all levels of human energy understanding. It is for this reason that Ki energy is so commonly misunderstood as few people actually take the time to master is understanding.

Copyright © 1987



Kumdo, The Korean Way of the Sword By Scott Shaw

Here is one of my early published articles on the subject of Kumdo that you may find interesting.


By Scott Shaw

     The Japanese Samurai Swordsmen have long been depicted as the consummate sword warriors of Asia.  And, the elaborate sword techniques of Chinese Kung Fu have been viewed and respected by Martial Artists worldwide. Both of these Martial Art weapon styles are known and revered for their own individual strengths and aesthetic beauties. There is, however, another nation in Asia where the techniques of the sword are no less developed, yet few even know of the style’s existence. The country is Korea. The sword style is Kumdo.

     Kumdo, literally translates from Korean means, Sword Way. Created in a country mostly known for the explosive Martial Art style of Taekwondo, Kumdo is a modern adaptation of a Martial Art system of swordplay that can trace its origin back many centuries. 

Ancient Korea
     Swords, and the warfare thereof, came to Korea from China in the early fourth century C.E., during the Iron Age. During the fifth century C.E., there came to be a formalized group of fierce swordsmen, with no less of the code of honor than that of their later Japanese Samurai counterparts.  They were known as the Hwa Rang, Flowering Youth, warriors.

     Korea, at that time, was divided into three kingdoms: Koguryo, Silla, and Paekche.  Silla was constantly under attack by its more powerful neighbors. During the reign of King Chin Heung of Silla, he formed an elite, aristocrat warrior corps, made up of young noblemen. The Hwa Rang, trained their bodies and minds in all forms of weaponry and Martial Arts available to them. 

Early Sword Mastery
     The techniques of the Korean sword, at this time, were stylistically formalized into twenty-five poses and postures that would best result in an opponent’s demise.  As the sword was the key instrument of close contact warfare, it became one of the Hwa Rang warrior’s primary weapons. In historic documents, dating back to the sixth century, it is detailed that the Hwa Rang would have contests of strength and endurance battling with their swords, while barefoot upon frozen lakes.

     The sword stylings and philosophic attitude of the Hwa Rang, based in Buddhism, began to be passed onto the island nation of Japan in the sixth century C.E.  This ideology eventually gave birth to the military classes which much later came to be identified as the Samurai. 

Korea Moves to the Modern Era
     From the victories of the Hwa Rang came the unification of the three Kingdoms on the Korean Peninsula.  This period of unification came to be known as the Yi Dynasty.
    
     The Yi Dynasty lasted from 1392 to 1909. This  period is considered Korea's ‘Age of Enlightenment.’  As martial law led to extended peace, arts and literature flourished and the populous began to take on a very anti-militarist posture. This attitude expanded, until by the early 18th century all forms of public Martial Arts were looked down upon, if not banned altogether in most of Korea’s geographical regions. This explains why the sword did not remain an elemental part of Korean culture as it did within Japan.

      The Korean Yi Dynasty eventually ended with the Japanese occupation of Korea from 1909 to 1945.  At this juncture, all forms of Korean Martial Arts were officially forbidden by the Japanese occupying forces. Martial artists in Korea retreated within the walls of various temples and secret schools.  Many of the zealous practitioners moved from the country altogether.  

The Birth of Kumdo
     Kumdo was born in Korea in 1945, when Japan’s rule over the peninsula came to an end.  Its inception came about as a widening public awareness, for the Korean citizen, to become more individually prepared in case of further invasions.  This attitude continued to heighten as Korea split between North and South during the 1950’s.

     As public attitude shifted to an almost militaristic temperament, Martial Art became the order of the day in Korea.  So much so, that Martial Arts began to be taught in public school as a requirement of education for both boys and girls. 

     The birth of Kumdo paralleled these trends as the Korean Martial Artist desired expansion of their martial knowledge.

Kumdo Foundational Factors
     Kumdo began by reviving the sword techniques of the ancient Hwa Rang warrior -- which had been recorded on temple walls and in ancient manuscripts such as the Moo Ye Do Bok Tong Gi. The ancient sword styling were then integrated them with the techniques of  Japanese swordsmanship -- particularly with various modern schools of Iaido and Kendo.

     The Japanese influence on Kumdo cannot be denied. In brief, the influence may be seen as pertaining to the sword techniques and not to the mental attitude of the Kumdo practitioner. 

Iaido Verse Kumdo
     In Japanese Iaido, which is also a modern martial style adapted from ancient applications, all techniques which are performed are based in metaphysical reasoning for their implementation. The Iaido practitioner views their sword practice as a form of meditation and not as a system of advanced self defense.  Kumdo, on the other hand, mimics many of the Iaido sword techniques, but emphasis is not placed upon the spiritual elements of the art.  Rather, it is focused on the mastery of the sword in order to physically overcome an opponent.

     The Kumdo practitioner views the sword as a weapon of war. All of its techniques are, therefore, developed as an extension of the body. Which, of course, is commonly the way a Martial Artist views a weapon. 

     The Iaido practitioner, on the other hand, views the sword as an extension of their soul, not of their body.  To this end, the large difference in the foundations of the two arts can be understood.

     Kumdo’s focus is very physical and possesses a much stronger preoccupation with physical ability and power. By understanding the motivating factors of these two individual arts, it brings the Kumdo practitioner to a deeper understanding of the mindset which makes up his sword style.

The Korean Sword
     The basic difference between the Japanese Samurai sword or Katana and the Korean long sword, known as Jung Kum, is that the Katana possess a slight arch.  The Jung Kum, on the other hand, is straight. The use of the Jung Kum is not universal in Kumdo, however, as the Katana often times replaces it.

     The straight design of the Jung Kum was brought into utilization predominately by such modern Korean Martial Art systems as Kook Sul Won and Hwa Rang Do -- which both possess a Chinese influenced art of swordplay. 

     Though the straight sword is now commonly associated with the Korean arts, in the Moo Yeh Do Bok Tong Gi, the long swords are detailed as possessing the same arch as those used by the Japanese Samurai.

     The bamboo sword, commonly used in Japanese Kendo, is also a key element of Kumdo. The Bamboo sword is generally used in partner training.

     The wooden sword, known as Bokken in Japanese or Mok Kum in Korean, is also a common training tool.  It is used for the practice of sword striking techniques.

The Use of the Sword
     Proper usage of the sword is a must to save one from not only injuring himself but one’s practice partner, as well.  For this reasoning, proper sword handling must be understood for the sword zealot to get under way in his practice of Kumdo.

     The sword, held properly, is grasped just under the sword guard by the lead hand.  This grasp is firm, yet, it is not so tight as to not allow proper hand and wrist flex movements. The rear hand grasps near the bottom of the sword’s handle, in much lighter a fashion than does the lead hand.  In this way this rear hand is allowed to slide or move in order to aid in the appropriate strike or slash positioning.  The reason behind holding the sword at either end of its handle, is that this allows you to have maximum control over the sword -- which, to the uninitiated, is quite a heavy and awkward object when not controlled properly.

     The elbows of the Kumdo swordsmen are allowed to remain slightly bent, even while striking. In this way, they are prevented from hyperextension due to impact force, momentum, and weight of the sword, when it is extended.

     All techniques used in Kumdo are based in eight primary strikes:

          1)  Overhead Strike, Straight
          2)  Overhead Slash, Left Side
          3)  Overhead Slash, Right Side     
          4)  Side Slash, from the left
          5)  Side Slash, from the right
          6)  Under Slash, from the left
          7)  Under Slash, from the right
          8)  Under Body Strike   

     Of course, these are basic strikes and slashes and variations can be, and are, added as the practitioner becomes more advanced in his Kumdo techniques.

     One of the primary differences between Kumdo and Iaido is that once the sword has been unsheathed, the sheath itself, then is often times used as a blocking tool or secondary striking weapon. 

Kumdo’s Sword Strikes
     Kumdo’s sword strikes are made in linear fashion.  That is to say, they are performed in a straight to the target pattern.  Whenever a strike is performed with the Kumdo sword, it is quickly and precisely snapped into its final position. The sword techniques are not ornamented or flashy. And, no unnecessary energy is used when they are performed. This is where Kumdo differs from some of the Chinese sword techniques. In essence, all Kumdo techniques are direct and aimed precisely at their intended target.

     The strike of the Kumdo sword is never over extended. The practitioner must control the blade, rather than being controlled by its weight and momentum. This is accomplished by not randomly striking at a target -- imaginary or not.  All strikes are performed consciously with impact point in mind.

     The development of proper sword strike ability is developed through conscious practice and proper technique. The Kumdo sword, even in practice, is always extended with the same intent or controlled force that would be used in a true confrontational situation.  It is a misnomer that a sword is wielded with a different intensity when one is defending against an imaginary opponent or a real object. For if the practitioner does not practice delivering a blow with suitable intensity in exercise drills, he will not know how to control the sword to encounter physical objects if the situation ever occurs.

     As is the same with the kicking and punching techniques indigenous to Korea, all strikes are not ended at the beginning of the target. They are, instead, performed in an application that would penetrate and go through said target or opponent. This technique implementation does not negate the previously mentioned conscious impact point. What it does entail is that the Kumdo swordsmen learns how much impact must be delivered in each sword application to penetrate their intended target.

     All Kumdo sword strikes are precisely implemented movements. Through continued practice the swordsman comes to the understand how each sword technique is most efficiently performed.  This is accomplished by observing how much force is used in each sword technique, where that energy is most effectively focused, and how much power it will take to achieve the desired result.   All of this come from continued practice and developed understanding.

The Practice of Kumdo
     As it is no longer a common practice to battle sword to sword, to the death, with an opponent -- as did the ancient Hwa Rang in their training, the Kumdo technician today, focuses upon three training formats in order to increase and perfect their skills:      

          1) Kyung or forms practice,
          2) Imaginary opponent practice
          3) Partner training drills

     The practice and development of Kumdo relies heavily on Kyung or forms. Specifically these forms are referred to as Bon Kuk Kum Bop, in Korean.

     There are ten primary Kyung which make up the sword system of Kumdo. With in these forms, the majority of all the sword techniques are used and then integrated with the various applicable foot and hand techniques that can be used properly and effectively with the sword.  The Kumdo  sword forms are named Kum il, Kum ee, Kum som (Sword  one,  Sword two,  Sword three,  and so on).

     The techniques of Kumdo are integrated with the weaponless fighting styles of Korea. For example, kicks and to a lesser degree, hand strikes are incorporated into all methods of sword practice, particularly in the Kyung of Kumdo.

Kumdo Shadow Boxing
     The imaginary opponent practice in Kumdo may loosely be compared to Shadow Boxing. This is the aspect of training when a Kumdo practitioner perfects his techniques through solo practice -- executing and delivering attacks, defensive maneuvers, and counter strikes to imaginary targets and opponents. 

     Through this ongoing practice, you are given the opportunity to perfect specific sword techniques and develop new mastery over the weapon.  For the novice this is a time to experiment and discover how the sword moves and feels while performing the various techniques.

Partner Training Drills
     Swords, even when unsharpened or made of wood, are very dangerous objects. It is for this reason that the Kumdo practitioner spend many months and even years performing sword forms and individual solo practice sessions, in order to become very familiar with the weapon, before he moves onto the more advanced partner training drills.

     The partner training drills involve the calculated and prescribed movements of a sword attack being launched and then blocked and possibly countered by a trained opponent. Commonly, the wooden or bamboo sword are used in these drills.

     The techniques that make up these partner training drills are ones common to Kumdo; i.e.: over head strike, side strikes, spinning back strikes, and the various blocks and then counter attacks which would follow such initial attacks. 

     In the beginning of the partner training the practice opponent is told what sword technique will be [1] launched at him and what block or counter attack he will answer with. As deeper understanding of the sword is mastered, training partners then move on from the specified techniques to more random sword attacks, blocks, and counter strikes.  In this way actual sword fighting timing and skill is developed.

     These practice sessions are engaged in by the advanced Kumdo stylist who has had the training time to develop precise strike and block abilities with the sword. It cannot be undertaken at an early stage by the sword aspirant, as they do not yet possess the developed control needed to insure the safety of their training partner.

Kumdo and You
     The sword techniques of Kumdo not only add to your arsenal of knowledge but from the use of the sword you additionally gains added balance, timing, and hand to eye coordination.  Kumdo leads you, the modern Martial Artist, onto a new level of understanding, through the use of a weapon that has been revered for centuries.

Copyright © 1991